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TYPES OF CONDITIONALS:
• Zero conditional
If / when + present tense, present tense
If can be substituted by when
Actions and facts that are irrefutable
Water turns to ice if you freeze it
• First conditional
If + present simple + would / should / might + base form
A “real” situation in the future that is possible, probably or even certain once the condition has been satisfied
If he studies hard, he will pass the exam
• Second conditional
If + past simple, would / should / might + base form
Communicates present or future “unreal” hypothetical situation that is presently not true and is unlikely ever to be true
If I had a time machine, I could go back to the dark ages.
• Third conditional
If + past perfect, would / should / might + have + past participle
Refers to a hypothetical past action (or non-action), the condition could never have been satisfied, it is impossible. Also excuses and regrets
She would have been angry if she had seen me. (But she didn’t see me!)
• Mixed conditional
Second + third conditional
Hypothetical past action and hypothetical present consequence
If I had listened to him, I would be in serious trouble. (I didn’t listen to him, so I’m not in trouble)
Teaching ideas:
• Split sentence
• Complete the conditional
• Chain conditional
• What a question
• Nuclear bunker role play
• What would happened
REPORTED AND DIRECT SPEECH
Reported speech - Direct speech
Present Simple - Past Simple
Present Continuous - Past Continuous
Present Perfect- Past Perfect
Past Simple - Past Perfect
Past Continuous - Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect - Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous - Past Perfect Continuous
This - That
Here - There
Today - That day
Now - Then
Yesterday - The day before
5 days ago - 5 days before
Last - The previous
Tomorrow - The next day
Exception: when the fact being reported is still true. (He said the sky is black today)
Teaching ideas:
• Intermediaries
• Reporting words
• Media interviews
