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Unit 13 covers pronunciation. This includes intonation, which is the volume and pitch in a sentence that carries across a meaning, stress, which is an emphasis on a certain word or syllable. These concepts are both important to the English speaker and learner as where the emphasis on a sentence is placed indicates the meaning of the sentence just as much as word choice does. For example, she DIDN'T hug the bear is very different than she didn't HUG the bear.
Other main topics covered in this unit are, the place and way of articulation. The place of articulation is how sounds are formed in the mouth and throat; for example, bilabial articulation is the act of pressing together both lips to form sounds like /b/. The way of articulation looks at how sound is produced through the release and blocking of air. A fricative sound is one that obstructs air, but air is still released to make the sound, such as the /v/ sound.
A problem teachers find with covering these topics is there is no one base pronunciation in English due to all of the accents, however, the phonetic alphabet, attempts to clear this up and is widely used by students and teachers. It examines the sounds words make rather than the spelling as spelling in the English language often does not correlate with the way the word is pronounced.
