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This unit touches upon the five main types of conditionals and how to report speech in the English language.
In the first section, I have learned about the five main conditionals in English, their general structure and their main uses:
- Zero Conditional: If/when + present simple, present tense (used for irrefutable facts)
- First Conditional: If + present simple, will + verb (used for real situation that is probable or even certain, once the condition has been satisfied)
- Second Conditional: If + past simple, would + verb's base form (used for dreams, fantasies, hypothetical conditions)
- Third Conditional: If + past perfect, would + have + past participle (used to refer to a past action and the hypothetical result/consequence of the past action, commonly used for regrets and excuses)
- Mixed Conditional: If + past perfect, would + verb's base form (used for present results of imaginary situations that occured in the past)
The second section introduces reported speech and explains how to report another person's speech in English, such as what are the changes we need to make when reporting speech.
In this unit, I have learned that when reporting speech in English, other than changing the pronouns, we need to make the following changes in the verb tense:
Present Simple -> Past Simple
Present Continuous -> Past Continuous
Present Perfect -> Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous -> Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple -> Past Perfect
Past Continous -> Past Perfect Continuous
Will -> Would
Past Perfect and Past Perfect Continuous remains the same.
Other than the verb tense, this unit explains we also need to change several expressions of time/place in reported speech, for instance:
This -> That
Here -> There
Today -> That day
Tomorrow -> The following day
Yesterday -> The day before
Now -> Then
Finally, this unit taught me how to turn direction questions into reported speech; we drop "do", leave the question word in the reported speech, change the pronouns (if applicable), backshift the verb tenses and put the sentence in the affirmative form.
